Conditions precipitating Fascism Italian Fascism

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italia irredenta: italian ethnic regions claimed fascists in 1930s: green: nice, ticino, , dalmatia; red: malta; violet: corsica; savoy , corfu later claimed


nationalist discontent

after first world war (1914–1918), despite kingdom of italy (1861–1946) being full-partner allied power against central powers, italian nationalism claimed italy cheated in treaty of saint-germain-en-laye (1919), allies had impeded italy s progress becoming great power . thenceforth, pnf exploited slight italian nationalism in presenting fascism best-suited governing country claiming democracy, socialism , liberalism failed systems. pnf assumed italian government in 1922, consequent fascist leader mussolini s oratory , blackshirt paramilitary political violence.


in 1919 @ paris peace conference, allies compelled kingdom of italy yield yugoslavia croatian seaport of fiume (rijeka), italian city of little nationalist significance, until 1919. moreover, elsewhere italy excluded wartime secret treaty of london (1915) had concorded triple entente; wherein italy leave triple alliance , join enemy declaring war against german empire , austria-hungary in exchange territories @ war s end, upon kingdom of italy held claims (see italia irredenta).


in september 1919, nationalist response of outraged war hero gabriele d annunzio declaring establishment of italian regency of carnaro. independent italian state, installed himself regent duce , promulgated carta del carnaro (charter of carnaro, 8 september 1920), politically syncretic constitutional amalgamation of right-wing , left-wing anarchist, proto-fascist , democratic republican politics, influenced politico-philosophic development of italian fascism. consequent treaty of rapallo (1920), metropolitan italian military deposed regency of duce d annunzio on christmas 1920. in development of fascist model of government, d annunzio nationalist , not fascist, legacy of political–praxis ( politics theatre ) stylistic (ceremony, uniform, harangue , chanting) , not substantive, italian fascism artfully developed government model.


labor unrest

a sociological study of violence in italy (1919–1922) text mining (arrow width proportional number of violent acts between social groups – click on large animated gif image see evolution)


given italian fascism s pragmatic political amalgamations of left-wing , right-wing socio-economic policies, discontented workers , peasants proved abundant source of popular political power, because of peasant opposition socialist agricultural collectivism. armed, former socialist benito mussolini oratorically inspired , mobilized country , working-class people: declare war on socialism, not because socialist, because has opposed nationalism . moreover, campaign financing in 1920–1921 period national fascist party courted industrialists , (historically feudal) landowners appealing fears of left-wing socialist , bolshevik labor politics , urban , rural strikes. fascists promised business climate of cost-effective labor, wage , political stability; , fascist party en route power.


historian charles f. delzell reports: @ first, fascist revolutionary party (pfr) concentrated in milan , few other cities. gained ground quite slowly, between 1919 , 1920; not until after scare, brought workers occupation of factories in late summer of 1920 did fascism become widespread. industrialists began throw financial support behind mussolini after renamed party , retracted former support lenin , russian revolution. moreover, toward end of 1920, fascism began spread countryside, bidding support of large landowners, particularly in area between bologna , ferrara, traditional stronghold of left, , scene of frequent violence. socialist , catholic organizers of farm hands in region, venezia giulia, tuscany, , distant apulia, attacked blackshirt squads of fascists, armed castor oil, blackjacks, , more lethal weapons. era of squadrismo, , nightly expeditions burn socialist , catholic labor headquarters had begun. during time period, mussolini s fascist squads engaged in violent attacks against church several priests assassinated , churches burned fascists .



il duce: prime minister benito mussolini








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