Jain legends Vikramaditya

-


few references vikramaditya exist in jain literature before mid-12th century, although ujjain appears frequently. after jain king kumarapala (r. 1143–1172), became fashionable among jain writers compare kumarapala vikramaditya. end of 13th century, legends featuring vikramaditya jain emperor began surfacing. major theme in jain tradition jain acharya siddhasena divakara converted vikramaditya jainism. said have told vikramaditya 1,199 years after him, there great king him (kumarapala).


jain tradition had 4 simhasana-related stories , 4 vetala-related puzzle stories. later jain authors adopted 32 simhasana dvatrimsika , 25 vetala panchavimshati stories.


the jain author hemachandra names vikramaditya 1 of 4 learned kings; other 3 shalivahana, bhoja , munja. merutunga s vicarasreni places victory @ ujjain in 57 bce, , hints 4 successors ruled 3 78 ce.


shalivahana-vikramaditya rivalry

kalpasutra , kalakacharya katha manuscript


many legends, particularly jain legends, associate vikramaditya shalivahana of pratishthana (another legendary king). in defeated shalivahana, begins shalivahana era; in others, ancestor of shalivahana. few legends call king of pratishthana vikramaditya . political rivalry between kings extended language, vikramaditya supporting sanskrit , shalivahana supporting prakrit.


in kalakacharya-kathanaka, vikramaditya s father gardabhilla abducted sister of kalaka (a jain acharya). @ kalaka s insistence, shakas invaded ujjain , made gardabhilla prisoner. vikramaditya later arrived pratishthana, defeated shakas, , began vikrama samvat era commemorate victory. according alain daniélou, vikramaditya in legend refers satavahana king.


other jain texts contain variations of legend vikramaditya s defeat @ hands of king of pratishthana, known satavahana or shalivahana. theme found in jina-prabhasuri s kalpa-pradipa, rajashekhara s prabandha-kosha , salivahana-charitra, marathi work. according legend, satavahana child of nāga (serpent) chief shesha , brahmin widow lived in home of potter. name, satavahana, derived satani (give) , vahana (a means of transport) because sculpted elephants, horses , other means of transport clay , gave them other children. vikramaditya perceived omens killer had been born. sent vetala find child; vetala traced satavahana in pratishthana, , vikramaditya led army there. nāga magic, satavahana converted clay figures of horses, elephants , soldiers real army. defeated vikramaditya (who fled ujjain), began own era, , became jain. there several variations of legend: vikramaditya killed satavahana s arrow in battle; marries satavahana s daughter , have son (known vikramasena or vikrama-charitra), or satavahana son of manorama, wife of bodyguard of king of pratishthana.








Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

History Swan Lake

-
1 history 1.1 origins of swan lake story 1.2 composition history 1.2.1 origins of swan lake composition 1.2.2 tchaikovsky s influences 1.2.3 composition process 1.3 performance history 1.3.1 original production of 1877 1.3.2 tchaikovsky pas de deux 1877 1.3.3 subsequent productions 1879–1894 1.3.4 petipa–ivanov–drigo revival of 1895 1.3.5 later productions history origins of swan lake story many critics have disputed original source of swan lake story. libretto based on story german author johann karl august musäus, der geraubte schleier (the stolen veil), though story provides general outline of plot of swan lake. russian folktale white duck bears resemblance story of ballet, , may have been possible source. contemporaries of tchaikovsky recalled composer taking great interest in life story of bavarian king ludwig ii, tragic life had supposedly been marked sign of swan , who—either consciously or not—was chosen prototype of dreamer prince siegfried. the russian ballet patriarch fy...
Read more

Medical vaporizers Vaporizer (inhalation device)

-
a forced-air vaporizer. detachable balloon (top) fills vapors inhaled. studies have shown vaporizing cannabis exposes user lower levels of harmful substances smoking cannabis. these findings important estimated 10–20 percent of patients chronic pain, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, , hiv/aids have admitted smoking cannabis therapeutic purposes.for patients, study found smoking cannabis sativa reduced daily pain 34%, statistically significant amount. in study published in journal of psychopharmacology in may 2008, stated vaporizers suitable method administration of thc . 2007 study university of california, san francisco, published in journal of american academy of neurology, found there virtually no exposure harmful combustion products using vaporizing device . 2006 study performed researchers @ leiden university found vaporizers safe , effective cannabinoid delivery system(s) . study stated amount of thc delivered vaporizers equivalent amount delivered smoking. because of studies , o...
Read more

Proto-Slavic Loanwords in Serbian

-
ancient greek words in proto-slavic identified through phonetic features, related greek phonetic history, others possibly scythian-sarmatian or gothic mediations. ancient greek, non-mediated words korablja (ark), koliba (cottage, hut), , supposedly trem (porch); scythian mediations luk (onion), haluga (fence), koš (basket), talog (dregs), kurva (whore); supposedly gothic mediations crkva (church) , daska (plank). there exists loanwords in proto-slavic non-indo-european languages. among turanian (ural-altaic) lexemes, estimated have been adopted between 3rd , 7th century, surviving modern serbian čaša (cup), knjiga (book), kovčeg (chest), krčag (pitcher), sablja (sabre). adoptions avaric in 6th–7th centuries titles ban , župan, , klobuk (a type of hat). south slavic influenced bulgar since arrival in eastern balkans in 7th century, e.g. beleg (landmark), beočug (shackle), bubreg (kidney), pašenog (co-brother-in-law), tojaga (bludgeon).
Read more