Early years and Spartan success Cleomenean War

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a map of peloponnese (the southernmost area of greece) showing important cities , locations of cleomenean war. achaean league shown in red.


after fortifying belbina, cleomenes advanced arcadia 3,000 infantry , few cavalry. however, called ephors, , retreat allowed aratus seize caphyae cleomenes returned laconia. once news reached sparta, ephors sent cleomenes out again; managed capture megalopian city methydrium before ravaging territory surrounding argos.


around time, achaean league sent army under new strategos—aristomachos of argos, had been elected in may 228 bc—to meet cleomenes in battle. achaean army of 20,000 infantry , 1,000 cavalry advanced on 5,000-strong spartan army @ pallantium. aratus, had accompanied aristomachos, advised him retreat because 20,000 achaeans no match 5,000 spartans. aristomachos, listening aratus advice, retreated achaean army.


meanwhile, ptolemy iii of egypt, had been ally of achaean league in wars against macedon, shifted financial support sparta. ptolemy made decision after calculating resurgent sparta more valuable ally against macedon failing achaean league.


in may 227 bc, aratus once again elected strategos , attacked elis. elians appealed sparta aid; achaeans returning elis, cleomenes attacked , routed entire army near mount lycaeum. taking advantage of rumour had been killed during fighting, aratus attacked , seized mantinea.


meanwhile, eurypontid king of sparta eudamidas iii, son of agis iv, died. pausanias, greek writer, claims cleomenes had him poisoned. in order strengthen position against ephors, opposed expansionist policy, cleomenes recalled uncle archidamus v exile in messene ascend eurypontid throne, archidamus returned city, assassinated. cleomenes involvement in plot unclear, since ancient sources contradict each other: polybius claims cleomenes ordered murder, plutarch disagrees.








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