Modern era History of Kuwait

1 modern era

1.1 golden era (1946–1982)
1.2 1982–1989
1.3 gulf war (1990–1991)
1.4 after gulf war (1992–present day)

modern era
golden era (1946–1982)

from 1946 1982, kuwait experienced period of prosperity driven oil , liberal atmosphere. in popular discourse, years between 1946 , 1982 referred golden era . in 1950, major public-work programme began enable kuwaitis enjoy modern standard of living. 1952, country became largest oil exporter in persian gulf region. massive growth attracted many foreign workers, palestine, egypt , india. in june 1961, kuwait became independent end of british protectorate , sheikh abdullah al-salim al-sabah became emir. under terms of newly drafted constitution, kuwait held first parliamentary elections in 1963. kuwait first arab state in persian gulf area establish constitution , parliament.

in 1960s , 1970s, kuwait developed country in region. kuwait pioneer in middle east in diversifying earnings away oil exports. kuwait investment authority world s first sovereign wealth fund. 1970s onward, kuwait scored highest of arab countries on human development index. kuwait university, established in 1966, attracted students neighboring countries. kuwait s theatre industry renowned throughout arab world.

in 1960s , 1970s, kuwait s press described 1 of freest in world. kuwait pioneer in literary renaissance in arab region. in 1958, al arabi magazine first published, magazine went on become popular magazine in arab world. many arab writers moved kuwait freedom of expression because kuwait had greater freedom of expression elsewhere in arab world. kuwait haven writers , journalists parts of middle east. iraqi poet ahmed matar left iraq in 1970s take refuge in more liberal environment of kuwait.

kuwaiti society embraced liberal , western attitudes throughout 1960s , 1970s. kuwaiti women did not wear hijab in 1960s , 1970s. @ kuwait university, mini-skirts more common hijab.

1982–1989

in 1980s, kuwait experienced major economic crisis after souk al-manakh stock market crash , decrease in oil price.

during iran–iraq war, kuwait supported iraq. throughout 1980s, there several terror attacks in kuwait, including 1983 kuwait bombings, hijacking of several kuwait airways planes , attempted assassination of emir jaber in 1985. kuwait regional hub of science , technology in 1960s , 1970s until 1980s, scientific research sector suffered due terror attacks.

oil fires in kuwait in 1991, result of scorched earth policy of iraqi military forces retreating kuwait.

after iran–iraq war ended, kuwait declined iraqi request forgive us$65 billion debt. economic rivalry between 2 countries ensued after kuwait increased oil production 40 percent. tensions between 2 countries increased further in july 1990, after iraq complained opec claiming kuwait stealing oil field near border slant drilling of rumaila field.

gulf war (1990–1991)

the invasion of kuwait , annexation iraq took place on 2 august 1990. iraqi leader saddam hussein s primary justifications included charge kuwaiti territory in fact iraqi province, , annexation retaliation economic warfare kuwait had waged through slant drilling iraq s oil supplies. however, initial casus belli claimed support kuwaiti rebellion. iraqi-backed puppet leader named alaa hussein ali installed head of provisional government of free kuwait. iraq annexed kuwait on 8 august. war traumatic kuwaiti population. underground resistance punished summary executions , torture. kuwaitis @ time lost family member. in addition, half population, both native , foreign-born fled.

george h.w. bush condemned invasion, , led efforts drive out iraqi forces. authorized united nations security council, american-led coalition of 34 nations fought gulf war liberate kuwait. following several weeks of aerial bombardment, u.s.-led united nations (un) coalition began ground assault on 23 february 1991 removed iraqi forces kuwait in 4 days. after liberation, un, under security council resolution 687, demarcated iraq-kuwait boundary on basis of 1932 , 1963 agreements between 2 states. in november 1994, iraq formally accepted un-demarcated border kuwait, had been further spelled out in security council resolutions 773 (1992) , 833 (1993).

a palestinian exodus kuwait took place during , after gulf war. during iraqi occupation of kuwait, 200,000 palestinians voluntarily fled kuwait due various reasons (fear or persecution, food shortages, medical care difficulties, financial shortages, fear of arrest , mistreatment @ roadblocks iraqis). after gulf war in 1991, 200,000 palestinians fled kuwait, partly due economic burdens, regulations on residence , fear of abuse kuwaiti security forces.

prior gulf war, palestinians numbered 400,000 of kuwait s population of 2.2 million. palestinians fled kuwait jordanian citizens. in 2012, 80,000 palestinians resided in kuwait.

after gulf war (1992–present day)

in march 2003, kuwait became springboard us-led invasion of iraq. upon death of emir jaber, in january 2006, saad al-sabah succeeded him removed 9 days later kuwaiti parliament due ailing health. sabah al-sabah sworn in emir.

in 2011–2012, there protests. parliament dissolved in december 2011 due protests against parliament. prime minister stepped down following protests.